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Works Cited Page

Proper Documentation of Works Cited Page

The examples included in this manual represent the more frequently used types of works included in secondary school research projects. For further explanation of any example given or for a format not included, please refer to the latest edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers and consult your teacher or media specialist.


Books


A Book by a Single Author

Simon, Kate. Bronx Primitive. New York: Harper, 1982.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Simon, Kate. Bronx Primitive. New York: Harper, 1982.
---. The Gonzazagos. New York: Viking, 1985.

A Book by More Than One Author

To cite a book by two or three authors, give their names in the same order as on the title page - not necessarily in alphabetical order. Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma, and give the other name or names in normal form.

Strunk, W., Jr., and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed.
     New York: Macmillan, 1983.

Dyal, James A., William C. Corning, and Dale M. Willows. Readings in
     Psychology: The Search for Alternatives. 3rd ed.
     New York : McGraw, 1975.


For works by more than three authors list the name of the first author followed by "et al."

Nielsen, Niels C., Fr., et al. Religions of the World. New York: St.
     Martin's, 1985.

A Book by an Unknown Author (Anonymous Book)

Use the title in place of the author.

A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc.,
     1984.

New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference. New York: Prentice,
     1993.

A Book by an Agency, Corporation, or Association

This category may include a work by a commission, an association, a committee, or any other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page.

Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. The Circulation
     of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Symposium on Blood Supply.
     New York: Hafner, 1966.

Public Agenda Foundation. The Health Care Crisis: Containing
     Costs, Expanding Coverage. New York: McGraw, 1992.

An Anthology or a Compilation

Nichols, Fred J., ed. and trans. An Anthology of Neo-Latin Poetry. New
     Haven: Yale UP, 1979.

Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia
     in the Words of Its Writers. Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992.

An Edition

If you refer to the text itself, begin with the author:

Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy. Ed. J. Dover Wilson.
     Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1966.

If you cite the editor in your text, begin with the editor:

Dertouzos, Michael L., and Joel Moses, eds. The Computer Age: A
     Twenty-Year View. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1979.

Wilson, J. Dover, ed. Culture and Anarchy. By Matthew Arnold.
     Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1966.

A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition

A book with no edition number or name on its title page is assumed to be a first edition. When a later edition is used, identify the edition in the entry by number (2nd ed., 3rd ed.), by name (Rev. ed., for "Revised edition"; Abr. ed., for "Abridged edition"), or by year (1995 ed.) - whichever the title page indicates. The edition statement comes after the name of the editor, translator, or compiler, if there is one, or otherwise after the title of the book.

Hyde, Margaret O., and Elizabeth Held Forsyth. Suicide: The Hidden
     Epidemic. Rev. ed. New York: Watts, 1986.

Newcomb, Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. 5th ed. New York:
     Oxford UP, 1994.

Translated Works

If you are referring to the work itself, begin with the author:

Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. Trans. Constance Garnett. London: Pan,
     1972.

If you cite the translator in your text, begin the entry with the translator's name:

Garnett, Constance, trans. War and Peace. By Leo Tolstoy. London:
     Pan, 1972.

A Book in a Language Other Than English

Cite a book published in a language other than English like any other book.

Bessière, Jean, ed. Mythologies de l'écriture: Champs critiques. Paris:
     PUF, 1990.

Esquivel, Laura. Como agua para chocolate: Novelas de entregas
     mensuales, con recetas, amores y remedios caseros. Madrid:
     Mondadori, 1990.

A Book Published before 1900

When citing a book published before 1900, you may omit the name of the publisher and use a comma, instead of a colon, after the place of publication.

Brome, Richard. The Dramatic Works of Richard Brome. 3 vols.
     London, 1873.

A Work in an Anthology or Collection

When you cite an essay, a short story, a poem, or another work that appears within an anthology or some other book collection you need to add the following information:

Author, title, and (if relevant) translator of the part of the book being cited. Name of the editor, translator, or compiler of the book being cited. Page numbers of the cited piece.

Walker, Alice. "Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self." Reading
     Critically, Writing Well. Ed. Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R.
     Cooper. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. 8692.

An Article in a Reference Book

Typical works utilizing this format include general encyclopedia articles, dictionary entries, and general reference sources.

"Ginsburg, Ruth Bader." Who's Who in America. 48th ed. 1994.

"Mandarin." The Encyclopedia Americana. 1993 ed.

Suber, Howard. "Motion Picture." Encyclopedia Americana. 1981 ed.

Trainen, Isaac N., et al. "Religious Directives in Medical Ethics."

Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed.Warren T. Reich. 4 vol. New York:
     Free, 1978.

A Multivolume Work

If you are using two or more volumes of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work after the title, editor's name, or identification of edition.

Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature.
     2nd. 2 vols. Lexington: Heath, 1994.

Sadie, Stanley, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
     20 vols. London: Macmillan, 1980.

If you are using only one volume of a multivolume work, state the number of the volume in the bibliographic entry, and give publication information for that volume alone.

Wellek, René. A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950. Vol. 5. New
     Haven: Yale UP, 1986.

If you are using only one volume of a multivolume work and the volume has an individual title, you may cite the book without reference to the other volumes in the work.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957.

A Book in a Series

Stewart, Joan Hinde. Colette. Twayne's World Authors Ser. 679.
     Boston: Twayne, 1983.

An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

Borges, Jorge Luis. Forward. Selected Poems, 1923-1967. By Borges.
     Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973.
      xv-xvi.

Holloway, John. Introduction. Little Dorrit. By Charles Dickens. Ed.
     John Holloway. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1967.
     13 29.

A Government Document

New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First
     Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century.
     Albany: State of New York, 1990.

United Nations. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing
     Countries. New York: Taylor, 1991.

United States. Cong. Senate. Subcommittee on Constitutional
     Amendments of the Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings on the
     "Equal Rights" Amendment. 91st Cong., 2nd sess. S. Res. 61.
     Washington: GPO, 1970.

A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination

When a book does not indicate the publisher, the place or date of publication, or pagination, supply as much of the missing information as you can, using brackets to show that it did not come from the source.

Use the following abbreviations for information you cannot supply.

     n.p. No place of publication given
     n.p. No publisher given
     n.d. No date of publication given
     n.pag. No pagination given

Photographic View Album of Cambridge. [England]: n.p., n.d. N. pag.

Sendak, Maurice. Where the Wild Things Are. New York: Harper,
     1963. N. pag.

An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation

Bullock, Barbara. "Basic Needs Fulfillment among Less Developed
     Countries: Social Progress over Two Decades of Growth." Diss.
     Vanderbilt U, 1986.

A Published Dissertation

Cite a published dissertation like a book, but add pertinent dissertation information before the publication facts.

Valentine, Mary-Blair Truesdell. An Investigation of Gender-Based
     Leadership Styles of Male and Female Officers in the United States
     Army. Diss. George Mason U, 1993. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1993.
     9316566.


Articles


An Article from a Newspaper

To cite a newspaper, give the name as it appears on the masthead. Omit any introductory article (a, an, the). If the city of publication is not included in the title of a locally published newspaper, add the city in square brackets after the name. "Star-Ledger [Newark]." Next give the complete date - day, month, year. Abbreviate all months except May, June and July. Do not give volume and issue numbers. If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition. Follow the edition - or the date if there is no edition - with a colon and the page number or numbers. If each section is paginated separately, indicate the appropriate section number or letter. For articles which are not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign.

Johnson, Tom. "65 mph Measure Shifts Into High Gear." Star-Ledger
     [Newark] 10 June 1997, Middlesex ed.: 27+.

An Article from a Weekly or Biweekly Magazine

Give the complete date, followed by a colon and the inclusive page numbers of the article. If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign. Do not give volume and issue numbers.

Bazell, Robert. "Science and Society: Growth Industry." New Republic
     15 Mar. 1993: 13-14+.

Glastris, Paul. "The New Way to Get Rich." U.S. News & World Report
     7 May 1990: 2636.

An Article from a Monthly or Bimonthly Magazine

Give the month or months and year. If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign. Do not give the volume and issue numbers.

Dolnick, Edward. "What Dreams Are (Really) Made of." Atlantic July
     1990: 4161.

Marano, Hara Estroff. "Domestic Violence." Psychology Today Nov.-
     Dec. 1993: 48+.

An Article Reprinted in a Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles

To cite a reprinted article from an information service such as the Social Issues Resources Series (SIRS), begin the entry with the original publication information. Then add the relevant information for the loose-leaf volume in which the article is reprinted. Use the abbreviation Art. to represent the article number.

Edmonson, Brad, "AIDS and Aging." American Demographics Mar.
     1990: 28+.

The AIDS Crisis. Ed. Eleanor Holdstein. Vol. 2. Boca Raton:
     SIRS, 1991. Art. 24.

An Anonymous Article

"Awash in Garbage." New York Times 15 Aug. 1987, sec. 1: 26.

"The Decade of the Spy." Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Annual Pagination

Dworkin, Ronald. "Law as Interpretation." Critical Inquiry 9 (1982):
     179-200.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Paginates Each Issue Separately

Epstein, Alexandra. "Teen Parents: What They Need to Know."
     High/Scope Resource 1.2 (1982): 6.

An Editorial

If you are citing a signed editorial, begin with the author's name, give the title, and then add the descriptive label Editorial . Conclude with the publication information. If the editorial is unsigned, begin with the title and continue in the same way.

"Death of a Writer." Editorial. New York Times 20 Apr. 1994, late ed.:
     A18.

Zucherman, Mortimer B. "Welcome to Communicopia." Editorial. US
      News and World Report 1 Nov. 1993: 116.

A Letter to the Editor

To identify a letter to the editor, add the descriptive label Letter after the name of the author, but do not underline the word or place it in quotation marks.

Safer, Morley. Letter. New York Times 31 Oct. 1993, late ed.,
     sec. 2: 4.

A Review

If the author is not known, begin with the title. If the review is untitled, begin with the words "Rev. of" and alphabetize under the title of the work being reviewed.

Rev. of Anthology of Danish Literature, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and
     P. M. Mitchell. Times Literary Supplement 7 July 1972: 785.

Tyler, Anne. "Manic Monologue." Rev. of Tripmaster Monkey, by
     Maxine Hong Kingston. New Republic 17 Apr. 1989: 4446.


Citing Other Sources


A Television or Radio Program

An entry for a television or radio program appears in the following order:

1. Title of the episode or segment, if appropriate (in quotation marks)
2. Title of the program (underlined)
3. Title of the series, if any (neither underlined nor in quotation marks)
4. Name of the network
5. Call letters and city of the local station (if any)
6. Broadcast date

Use a comma between the call letters and the city ("KDKA, Pittsburgh"). A period follows each of the other items. Include narrators and directors as shown.

"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir.

Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr. 1993.

"Shakespearean Putdowns." Narr. Robert Siefel and Linda Wertheimer.

All Things Considered. Natl. Public Radio. WYNC, New York.
     6 Apr. 1994.

A Sound Recording

For a commercially available recording, the person is cited first (e.g., the composer, conductor, or performer) depending on the desired emphasis. List the title of the recording, underlined, the artist or artists, the manufacturer, and the year of issue (use n.d. if the year is unknown). Place a comma between the manufacturer and the date; periods follow the other items. If you are not using a compact disc, indicate the medium, neither underlined nor in quotation marks.

Simon, Paul. The Rhythm of the Saints. Warner Bros., 1990.

Holiday, Billie. "God Bless the Child." Rec. 9 May 1941. The Essence
     of Billie Holiday. Columbia, 1991.

Treat a spoken-word recording as you would a musical recording. Begin with the speaker, the writer, or the production director, depending on the desired emphasis. You may add the original publication date of the work immediately after the title.

Welles, Orson, dir. The War if the Worlds. By H.G. Wells. Adapt.
     Howard Koch. Mercury Theatre on the Air. Rec. 30 Oct. 1938.
     LP. Evolution, 1969.

A Film or Video Recording

A film entry begins with the title, underlined, and includes the director, the distributor, and the year. You may include other data that seem pertinent - such as the names of the writer, performers, and producer - between the title and the distributor.

Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolata]. Screenplay by
     Laura Esquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco
     Lombardi, and Regina Torne. Miramax, 1993.

Cite a videocassette, videodisc, slide program, or filmstrip like a film, but include the original release date (if relevant) and the medium, neither underlined nor enclosed in quotation marks, before the name of the distributor.

Alcohol Use and Its Medical Consequences: A Comprehensive Teaching
     Program for Biomedical Education. Prod. Project Cork,
     Dartmouth Medical School. Slide program. Milner-Fenwick,
     1982.

Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. Rebecca. Perf. Joan Fontaine, Laurence Olivier,
     and Judith Anderson. 1940. Videodisc. Voyager, 1990.

Looking at Our Earth: A Visual Dictionary. Sound filmstrip. Natl.
     Geographic Educ. Services, 1992.

Medicine at the Crossroads. Prod. 13/WNET and BBC TV.
     Videocassette. PBS Video, 1993.

A Performance

An entry for a performance (play, opera, ballet, concert) begins with the title, contains facts similar to those given for a film, and concludes with the site of the performance (usually the theater and city, separated by a comma and followed by a period) and the date of the performance.

The River. Chor. Alvin Ailey. Dance Theater of Harlem. New York
     State Theater. 15 Mar. 1994.

A Musical Composition

To cite a musical composition, begin with the composer's name. Underline the title of an opera, a ballet, or a piece of instrumental music identified by name, but do not underline or enclose in quotation marks a musical composition identified only by form, number, and key. Treat a published score like a book. Give the title, underlined, as it appears on the title page, and capitalize the abbreviations no. and op. The date the composition was written is added immediately after the title.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 8 in F, op. 93.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony No. 8 in F. Op. 93. 1812. New York:
     Dover, 1989.

A Work of Art

To cite a work of art, state the artist's name first. Underline the title of the painting or sculpture. Name the institution that houses the work (museum) or, for a work in a private collection, the individual who owns it, and follow the name by a comma and the city.

Bearden, Romare. The Street. Private collection of Mrs. Robert M.
     Benjamin, New York.

A Letter or a Memo

Treat a published letter like a work in a collection, adding the date of the letter and the number.

Woolf, Virginia. "To T.S. Eliot." 28 July 1920. Letter 1138 of The
     Letters of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne
     Trautmann. Vol. 2. New York: Harcourt, 1976. 437-38.

Treat a personal letter as follows:

Morrison, Toni. Letter to the author. 17 May 1992.

Treat memos similarly: give the name of the writer of the document, a description of the document that includes the recipient, and the date of the document. Any title of the document should be enclosed in quotation marks and placed immediately after the writer's name.

Moore, Bill. Memo to assessment liaisons, State Board for Community
     and Technical Colls., Olympia, WA. 29 May 1992.

An Interview

For documentation purposes, there are three types of interviews:

     Published or recorded interviews
     Interviews broadcast on television or radio
     Interviews conducted by the researcher

Begin with the name of the person interviewed.

Blackmun, Harry. Interview with Ted Koppel and Nina Totenberg.
     Nightline. ABC. WABC, New York. 5 Apr. 1994.

Gordimer, Nadine. Interview. New York Times 10 Oct. 1991, late ed.:
     C25.

Updike, John. Interview with Scott Simon. Weekend Edition. Natl.
     Public Radio. WBUR, Boston. 2 Apr. 1994.

To cite a personal interview, give the name of the person interviewed, the kind of interview (Personal Interview, Telephone Interview), and the date.

Powell, Colin. Telephone interview. 20 June 1997.

Walsh, Hugh. Personal interview. 17 June 1997.

A Map or Chart

Treat a map or chart like an anonymous book, but add the appropriate descriptive label (Map, Chart).

Washington, DC. Map. Chicago: Rand, 1992.

A Cartoon

To cite a cartoon, state the cartoonist's name; the title of the cartoon in quotation marks; and the descriptive label Cartoon, neither underlined nor enclosed in quotation marks. Conclude with the usual publication information.

Trudeau, Garry. "Doonesbury." Cartoon. Star-Ledger [Newark] 3 Jan.
     1994: 24.

An Advertisement

To cite an advertisement, state the name of the product, company, or institution that is the subject of the advertisement, followed by the descriptive label Advertisement neither underlined nor enclosed in quotation marks. Conclude with the usual publication information.

American Express Financial Advisors. Advertisement. Time 16 June
     1997: 23-24.

TWA. Advertisement. CNN. 22 June 1997.

A Lecture, a Speech, or an Address

To cite an oral presentation, give the speaker's name, the title of the presentation, in quotation marks; that meeting and sponsoring organization; the location; and the date. If there is no title, use an appropriate descriptive label (Address, Lecture, Keynote Speech, Reading), neither underlined nor enclosed in quotation marks.

Terkel, Studs. Address. Conf. on Coll. Composition and Communication
     Convention. Palmer House, Chicago. 22 Mar. 1990.


Electronic Information (Portable Databases)


Periodically Published Databases on CD-ROM with Print Counterpart

The entry in the works cited list should consist of the following items:

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Publication information for the printed source (including title and date of print publication)
3. Title of the database (underlined)
4. Publication medium (CD-ROM)
5. Name of the vendor (if relevant)
6. Electronic publication date

Kolata, Gina. "Men and Women Use Brain Differently, Study Discovers."
     New York Times 16 Feb. 1995, late ed.: A1. New York Times
     Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-ProQuest. 1995.

Russo, Michelle Cash. "Recovering from Bibliographic Instruction Blahs."
     RQ: Reference Quarterly 32 (1992): 178-83. Infotrac:
      SuperTom+. CD-ROM. Information Access. Dec. 1993.

Wood, Daniel B. "Largest Welfare-to-Work Program Called a Success."
     Christian Science Monitor 20 Apr. 1993: 3. NewsBank. CD-
     ROM. NewsBank, Inc. May 1993.

Periodically Published Databases on CD-ROM without Print Counterpart

The entry in the works cited list should consist of the following items:

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the material accessed (in quotation marks)
3. Date of the material (if given)
4. Title of the database (underlined)
5. Publication medium (CD-ROM)
6. Name of the vendor (if relevant)
7. Electronic publication date

Shearson Lehman Brothers, Inc. "Reebok: Company Report." 29 July
     1993. General Business File. CD-ROM. Information Access.
     Dec. 1993.

If you cannot find some of the information required, cite what is available.

"Time Warner, Inc.: Sales Summary, 1988-1992."
     Disclosure/Worldscope. CD-ROM. Oct. 1993.

Nonperiodical Databases on CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape.

Cite nonperiodical electronic publications on CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape in the following manner :

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the part of the work, if relevant (underlined or in quotation marks)
3. Title of the product (underlined)
4. Edition, release, or version (if relevant)
5. Publication medium (CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape)
6. City of publication
7. Name of the publisher
8. Year of publication

"Children's Television Workshop." Encyclopedia of Associations.
     Magnetic tape. Detroit: Gale, 1994.

"Ellison, Ralph." Disclit: American Authors. Diskette. Boston: Hall,
     1991.

Herman, Mary Ann. "Folk Dance." Academic American Encyclopedia.
     Ver. 4.0. CD-ROM. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1991.

Jacobson, Jodi L. "Holding Back the Sea." Futurist Sept.-Oct. 1990:
      20-27. Earth Science. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. 1991. Art. 25.
     SIRS-ROM. CD-ROM. Boca Raton: SIRS, 1993.

A Work in More Than One Publication Medium

Cite such a publication as you would a nonperiodical CD-ROM product, specifying the media that constitute the product.

Franking, Holly. Negative Space: A Computerized Video Novel. Vers.
     1.0. Diskette, videocassette. Prairie Village: Diskotech, 1990.

Spolsky, Bernard. Navajo Language Maintenance: Six-Year-Olds in
     1969. Navajo Reading Study Prog. Rept. 5. Print, microfiche.
     Albuquerque: U of New Mexico, 1969. ERIC ED 043 004.


Electronic Information (Online Databases)


Citations of publications from online databases additionally require: publication medium, name of computer service or computer network, and date of access.

Material Accessed Through a Computer Service Database with a Print Counterpart

If the printed source is indicated for the material cited, the entry should consist of the following items:

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Publication information for the printed source or analogue (including title and date of printed publication)
3. Title of the database (underlined)
4. Publication medium (Online)
5. Name of the computer service
6. Date of access

Stempel, Carl William. "Towards a Historical Sociology of Sport in the
     United States, 1825-1875." DAI 53 (1993): 3374A. U of
     Oregon, 1992. Dissertation Abstracts Online. Online. OCLC
     Epic. 3 Dec. 1993.

Material Accessed Through a Computer Service Database without a Print Counterpart

If no specific printed source is indicated for the cited material, the entry should consist of the following items:

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the material accessed (in quotation marks)
3. Date of the material (if given)
4. Title of the database (underlined)
5. Publication medium (Online)
6. Name of the computer service
7. Date of access

"Middle Ages." Academic American Encyclopedia. Online. Prodigy. 30
     Mar. 1992.

Material from Electronic Journals, Electronic Newsletters, and Electronic Conferences Accessed Through a Computer Network

Entries in this category should consist of the following items:

1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the article or document (in quotation marks)
3. Title of the journal, newsletter, or conference (underlined)
4. Volume number, issue number, or other identifying number
5. Year or date of publication (in parentheses)
6. Number of pages or paragraphs (if given) or N. pag. ("no pagination")
7. Publication medium (Online)
8. Name of the computer network
9. Date of access

Lindsay, Robert K. "Electronic Journals of Proposed Research." EJournal
     1.1 (1991): N. pag. Online. Internet. 10 Apr. 1991.

Moulthrop, Stuart. "You Say You Want a Revolution? Hypertext and the
     Laws of Media." Postmodern Culture 1.3 (1991): 53 pars.
     Online. MITNET. 10 Jan. 1993.

Steele, Ken. "Special Discounts on the New Variorum Shakespeare."
     Shaksper 2.124 (4 May 1991): n. pag. Online. BITNET. 1
     June 1991.

An Electronic Text Accessed Through a Computer Network

A great variety of texts, such as literary works and historical documents, are available through computer networks. Be sure to use a text that states the title, editor, and date of the edition serving as its source. The citation of an electronic text should contain the following items:

1. Name of the author (if any)
2. Title of the text (underlined)
3. Publication information for the printed source
4. Publication medium (Online)
5. Name of the repository of the electronic text (e.g. Oxford Text Archive)
6. Name of the computer network
7. Date of access

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Works of William Shakespeare. Ed.
     Arthur H. Bullen. Stratford Town Ed. Stratford-on-Avon:
     Shakespeare Head, 1911. Online. Dartmouth Coll. Lib.
     Internet. 26 Dec. 1992.


Electronic Information (Citing Internet Resources)


To cite a public online posting, follow the author's name and the title of the document with the date when the material was posted. Then give the description Online posting; the name or names of the location e you found the posting (e.g., the newsgroup or forum); and the name of the network (e.g., Usenet). Conclude with the date of access.

World Wide Web (WWW) Sites

To cite files available for viewing/downloading via the World Wide Web by means of Lynx, Netscape, or other Web browsers, provide the following information:

1. Author's name (if known)
2. Full title of the document in quotation marks
3. Title of the complete work if applicable in italics
4. Date of publication or last revision (if available)
5. Full http address (URL) enclosed within angle brackets
6. Date of access

Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions."
     MUD History. 1993. <http://www.ccs.neu.edu/homeo1pb/mud-
     history. html> 5 Dec. 1994.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites

To cite files for downloading via ftp, provide the following information:

1. Author's name (if known)
2. Full title of the document in quotation marks
3. Date of publication (if available)
4. Abbreviation ftp
5. Address of the ftp site, with no closing punctuation
6. Full Path to follow to find the paper, with no closing punctuation
7. Date of access

Bruckman, Amy "Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual
     Communities." ftp ftp.media.mit.edu pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi-
     94 4 Dec. 1994.

Telnet Sites

To cite telnet sites and files available via the telnet protocol, provide the following information:

1. Author's name (if known)
2. Title of the document (if shown) in quotation marks
3. Title of the full work if applicable in italics
4. Date of publication (if available), followed by a period
5. Complete telnet address, with no closing punctuation
6. Directions to access the publication
7. Date of access

Gomes, Lee. "Xerox's On-Line Neighborhood: A Great Place to Visit."      Mercury News. 3 May 1992. telnet lamba.parc.xerox.com 8888,
     @go #50827, press 13 5 Dec. 1994.

Synchronous Communications

To cite synchronous communications such as those posted in MOOs, MUDs, IRCs, etc. provide the following information :

1. Name of the speaker(s) (if known)
2. Type of communication (i.e., Group Discussion, Personal Interview)
3. Address if applicable
4. Date of access

Harnack, Andrew. Group Discussion. telnet moo.du.org/port=8888
     (4 Apr. 1996). WorldMOO Christmas Party. telnet world.
     sensemedia.net 12334 24 Dec. 1994.

Gopher Sites

To cite information obtained by using gopher search protocols, provide the following information:

1. Author's name
2. Title of the document in quotation marks
3. Any print publication information, italicized where appropriate
4. Gopher path followed to access the information, with slashes to indicate menu selections, or full http address (URL) enclosed within angle brackets
5. Date of access

Quittner, Joshua. "Far Out: Welcome to Their World Built of MUD."
     Published in Newsday 7 Nov. 1993. gopher University of
     Koeln/About MUDs, MOOs, and MUSEs in Education/Selected
     Paters/newsday 5 Dec. 1994.

Listserv messages

To cite information posted on listservs, provide the following information:

1. Author's name (if known)
2. Author's e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
3. Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
4. Date of publication
5. Address of the listserv, enclosed in angle brackets
6. Date of access

Seabrook, Richard H.C. <seabrook@clark.net> "Community and
     Progress." 22 Jan. 1994. <cybermind@jefferson.village.edu>
     22 Jan. 1994.

Newsgroup (USENET) messages

To cite information posted by participants in newsgroup discussions, provide the following information:

1. Author's name (if known)
2. Author's e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
3. Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
4. Date of publication
5. Name of the newsgroup, enclosed in angle brackets
6. Date of access

Slade, Robert. <res@maths.bath.ac.ud> "UNIX Made Easy." 26 Mar.
     1996. <alt.books.reviews> 31 Mar. 1996.

E-mail messages

To cite electronic mail correspondence, provide the following information:

1. Author's name
2. Author's e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
3. Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
4. Date of publication
5. Kind of communication (i.e., Personal e-mail, distribution list, office communication)
6. Date of access

Franke, Norman. <frankel@llnl.gov> "SoundApp 2. 0. 2." 29 Apr.
     1996. Personal e-mail. 3 May 1996.

Online Images

To cite online images, cite the following information:

1. Description or title of image
2. State: [Online Image]
3. State: Available http://address/filename
4. Date of document, if available
5. Date of access

Hubble Space Telescope release in the Space Shuttle's Payload Bay.
     [Online Image Available ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/
     SPACE/GIF/s31-04-015.gif. 1 Oct. 1996.

Online Sounds

To cite online sounds, cite the following information:

1. Description or title of sound
2. State: [Online Sound]
3. State: Available http://address/filename
4. Date of document, if available
5. Date of access

Reflections on Apollo. [Online Sound] Available ftp://town.hall.org/radio/
     IMS/NASA/1100394_nasa_01_ITR.au. 25 Sept. 1996.

Online Video Clips

To cite online video clips, cite the following information:

1. Description or title of video clip.
2. State: [Online Video Clip]
3. State: Available http://address/filename
4. Date of document, if available
5. Date of access

Shoemaker-Levy Comet enters Jupiter's atmosphere and breaks up.
     [Online Video Clip] Available ftp://ftp.cribx1.u-bordeaux.fr/
     astro/anim/s19/breadingup.mpg. 5 Mar. 1996.
A Complete Scholarly Project or Information Database

The typical entry for a complete online scholarly project or information database consists of the following items:

  1. Title of the project or database (underlined)
  2. Name of the editor of the project or database (if given)
  3. Electronic publication information, including version number (if relevant and if not part of the title), date of electronic publication or of the latest update, and name of any sponsoring institution or organization
  4. Date of access and network address

Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2 . Apr. 1998. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 8

May 1998 http://www.eb.com/

A Document within a Scholarly Project or Information Database

To cite an article, a poem, a short story, or a similar short work or document within a project or database, begin the citation with the author’s name and, in quotation marks, the title of the work. If no author is given, begin the citation with the title of the material, in quotation marks. Continue with the relevant information for the project or database, the date of access, and the URL; be sure to give the URL of the specific work or document rather than that of the project of database if they are different.

"Fresco." Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encylopaedia Britannica.

8 May 1998 http://www.eb.com:180

A Professional or Personal Site

To document an online professional or personal site, begin the entry with the name of the person who created it (if given and relevant), reversed for alphabetizing and followed by a period. Continue with the title of the site (underlined) or, if there is no title, with a description such as Home Page (neither underlined nor in quotation marks); the name of any institution or organization associated with the site; the date of access; and the network address.

Dawe, James. Jane Austen Page. 15 Sept. 1998 <http://nyquist.ee.ualberta.ca/

~dawe/austen.html>.

An Online Book

The texts of some printed books are available online, independently or as part of scholarly projects. In general, follow the recommendations previously discussed for citing books, modifying theme as appropriate to the electronic resource. The typical entry for a complete online book available independently consists of the following items:

  1. Author’s name (if given). If only an editor, a compiler, or a translator is identified, cite that person’s name, followed by the appropriate abbreviation (ed.,comp., trans).
  2. Title of work (underlined)
  3. Name of the editor, compiler, or translator
  4. Publication information (city of publication, name of publisher, year of publication).
  5. Date of access and network address.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston:

Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 1998 <http://eldred.ne.medianone.net/nh/

ttt.html>.

An Online Book within a Scholarly Project

To cite a book that is part of a scholarly project, give the five items listed above, as relevant, but follow the information about the printed book with the publication information for the project. Be sure to end with the URL of the book, not that of the project, if they differ.

Keats, John. Poetical Works. 1884. Project Bartleby. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen.

May 1998. Columbia U. 5 May 1998 <http://www.columbia.edu/acis/

Bartleby/keats/>.

Part of an Online Book

If you are citing a part of an online book, place the title or name of the part between the author’s name and the title of the book. If the part is a work like a poem or an essay, place its title in quotation marks. If the part is a standard division of the book, such as an introduction or preface, do not place the title in quotation marks or underline it. Be sure to give the URL of the specific part instead of that of the book if they differ.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "Self-Reliance." Essays: First Series. 1841. 12 Feb.

    1. <ftp://ftp.books.com/ebooks/NonFiction/Philosophy/Emerson/

history.txt>.

An Online Government Publication

To cite an online government publication, begin with the same facts given for printed government works, and conclude with information appropriate to the electronic source.

United States. Dept. of Justice. Natl. Inst. of Justice. Prosecuting Gangs: A

National Assessment. By Claire Johnson, Barbara Webster, and Edward

Connors. Feb. 1995. 29 June 1998 <http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/

pgang.txt>.

An Online Posting

To cite a posting to an e-mail discussion list, begin with the author’s name and the title of the document (in quotation marks), as given in the subject line, followed by the description Online posting, the date when the material was posted, the name of the forum, the date of access, and, in angle brackets, the online address of the list’s Internet site or, if no Internet site is known, the e-mail address of the list’s moderator or supervisor.

Holland, Norman. "Overcoming Depression." Online posting. 19 Mar. 1997.

Psyart. 21 Mar. 1997 http://webclas.ufl.edu/ipsa/psyart.htm

A Television or Radio Program

Fishkin, Fred. "Privacy and the Net." Boot Camp. CBS Radio. WCBS, New

York. 5 Mar. 1998. Transcript. 29 June 1998 <http://newsradio88.com/

Boot/archive/march_1998/march_5.html>.

A Sound Recording or Sound Clip

Nader, Ralph. Interview with Ray Suarez. Talk of the Nation. Natl. Public

Radio. 16 Apr. 1998. 3 July 1998 <http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/

980416.totn.01.ram>.

A Work in an Indeterminate Medium

If you cannot determine the medium of a source-for example, if you access material through a local network and cannot tell whether the work is stored on the central computer’s hard drive or on a CD-ROM-use the designation "Electronic" for the medium. Give whatever relevant publication information you can, as well as the name of the network or of its sponsoring organization and the date of access.

Bartlett, John. Familiar Quotations. 9th ed. Boston: Little, 1901. New York:

Columbia U, Academic Information Systems, 1995. Electronic. ColumbiaNet, Columbia U. 2 July 1998.

Dowloaded Computer Software

MacCase. Vers. 1.0. 1 Aug. 1998 <ftpo://ftp.adfa.oz.au/pub/mac/

MacCASE/>.

An Article in an Online Periodical

Periodical publications online include scholarly journals, newspapers, and magazines; works and other materials within such publications include articles, reviews, editorials, and letters to the editor. The typical entry for a work in an online periodical consists of the following items:

    1. Author’s name (if given)
    2. Title of the work or material in quotation marks
    3. Name of the periodical (underlined)
    4. Volume number, issue number, or other identifying number
    5. Date of publication
    6. The number range or total number of pages, paragraphs, or other sections, if they are numbered
    7. Date of access and network address

An Article in a Scholarly Journal

Calabrese, Michael. "Between Despair and Ecstasy: Marco Polo’s Life of

the Buddha." Exemplaria 9.1 (1997). 22 June 1998 <http://

web. English.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/calax.htm>.

An Article in a Newspaper or on a Newswire

"Endangered Species Act Upheld." AP Online 22 June 1998. 22 June 1998

<http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/w/AP-Court-Endangered-Species.

html>.

An Article in a Magazine

Kinsley, Michael. "Now is the Summer of Too Much Content." Slate 20 June

    1. http://www.slate.com/98-06-20/Readme.asp

A Review

Ebert, Roger. Rev. of The Truman Show, dir. Peter Weir. Chicago Sun-Times

Online 5 June 1998. 16 June 1998 <http://www.suntimes.com/output/

Ebertl/05show.htm>.

An Abstract

Bullough, Vern. L. "Medieval Concepts of Adultery." Arthuriana 7.4 (1997):

      1. Abstract. 26 June 1998 <http://dc.smu.edu/Arthuriana/Abstract/

Ab_listl.htm>.

An Anonymous Article

"Fleeting Consciousness." US News Online 29 June 1998. 1 July 1998

http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/980629/29brai.htm

An Editorial

"Controlling Deadly Trade." Editorial. Christian Science Monitor: Electronic

Edition 26 June 1998. 26 June 1998 <http://www.csmonitor.com/

Durable/1998/06/26/f-p16sl.htm>.

A Letter to the Editor

Kung, Cleo. Letter. New York Times on the Web 28 June 1998. 28 June

    1. http://www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/letters/lkung.html

A Serialized Article

Dugger, Celia W. "Wedding Vows Bind Old World and New." New York Times

on the Web 20 July 1998. Pt. 2 of a series, Here and There: Immigration Now, begun 19 July 1998. 5 Aug. 1998

http://www.nytimes.com/072098.immigration.html